Chapter 34: Terrorism or Civil Disobedience: Toward a Hacktivist Ethic By Mark Manion and Abby Goodrum
April 14, 2009
Chapter 34: Terrorism or Civil Disobedience:
Toward a Hacktivist Ethic
By Mark Manion and Abby Goodrum
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
Why is it, then, that a growing number of experts refuse to make this distinction, and insists in conflating hacktivism and cyberterrorism”
I think the reason why many experts do not condemn hacktivism is because being hacktivist, you are using your talent and skills and you are contributing to the society. It is the term that makes it unethical, but I don’t think that it is unethical.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn about the terrorism made by hacktivist ethical. I also want to know why they are doing that terrorism. Also, I want to know the sides of these two great authors, Mark Manion and Abby Goodrum regarding this issue.
Review:
This chapter discussed hacktivism. Hacktivism means that the person is doing bad things in the society. The other definition of hactivist is a type of person using his intellectual to use free software. But with this chapter, the hacktivist that this chapter is explaining are the bad people who have bad intention for the company.
There are three principles of hacktivist ethic. First is access to computers. People have the right to use the computers with no limitation. Every people can access the internet without having biasment, discrimination. Second is all information should be free. The essence of an internet is to give the information free. Companies should not stop the information from flowing. Third is mistrust authority which means to promote decentralization. All the information should be centralized to all the people and not only to the chosen people.
The point of hackers is why does companies have the right to sell their software at a higher cost which makes it hard for the market to buy. Thus, hackers find a way to make the software be free to everyone who would use it. I understand the point of hacking because they are doing this for the market and not to the companies. Hackers want to have a free software for everyone to use it.
With the advancement of technology, hacktivist people are growing. They are now fully aware of the information technology. But there are disadvantages; programmers should make sure that their system would not be hacked by people.
What I’ve learned:
I learned what ECD is. ECD means electronic civil disobedience. ECD is refusing to follow the laws or regulations in the internet. Philosophers are making studies if the hackers are considered as ECD. But even though hackers are considered as ECD, still for me there are no ground rules for that action. I don’t think that hacking should be given corresponding consequence because they are only using their intellectuality to make software that are for free.
Integrative questions:
1) What is hacktivism in this chapter mean?
2) What is cyberterrorism mean?
3) What are the three principles of hacktivist ethic?
4) What is ECD mean?
5) Is hacktivism ethical or unethical?i/.m,
Chapter 33: Defining the Boundaries of Computer Crime:
Piracy
By Herman T. Tavani
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“A principle goal of this essay has been to establish criteria for computer crime as a descriptive category”
I have seen that the examples of this chapter is based on descriptive category which makes it understandable to the reader.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn what are the boundaries of computer crime. Also, I want to be fully knowledgeable about piracy. Also, I want to know if it is really ethical or unethical. In addition to that, I want to know the sides of this author, Herman T. Tavani regarding this issue.
Review:
There are three types of crime. First is software piracy. Software piracy are processed by way of using technology in order to stored movie in that tiny piece of cd or dvd and sell it to the people who wants cheaper movie. I can say that this is effective since many people supported to buy fake movies even though it can hurt the artist who are in that movie. Rather than buying original dvd which is expensive, they tend to buy this software piracy. This is very evident in the Philippines when we have seen that there are many vendors selling cds and dvds that are illegal but still no one stopped them especially police. Sometimes I think their action is unethical, but why does the police don’t stop what they are doing. I can say that this first type of crime is helpful for me, but is not helpful to the big companies such as Microsoft, music industry and other software firms.
Second is what they call electronic break ins. Based on how I understood it, some programmers would make a software in order for a person to access the private information of the company. They are trying to hack the software of the company in order to see the confidential statements. This is unethical since they should respect that if it is confidential, they should consider it private and not everyone to see.
Third is what they call computer sabotage. This means that a bad person finds a way in order for that software to have leak and have errors. If the software would have leaks, then that person can see the information. Instead that information will be transferred to other network, that leak will be transferred to him.
What I’ve learned:
I learned the three types of crime which are software piracy, electronic break ins and computer sabotage. Based on my judgment, I believed that software policy can be ethical and can be unethical depending to the person who will be affected. If the affected people are the company, then it is unethical, But if the affected people are the market, then I can say that it is ethical.
I also find out that those two types of crime which is electronic break ins and computer sabotage is unethical because it is against privacy.
Integrative questions:
1) What are the three types of crime?
2) What is software piracy?
3) What is electronic break ins?
4) What is computer sabotage?
5) Among the three, which do you find unethical and ethical?
Chapter 32: Privacy and the Varities of Moral Wrongdoing
By Jeroen van den Hoven
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“The privacy issue lies at the heart of an ongoing debate”
I believed that this is true since in this book, mostly all the chapters that was discussed is regarding with the privacy issue.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know what are the varieties of moral wrongdoing. I think this is a good chapter and I will learn many things based on this title itself. Also, I want to know the sides of Jeroen van den Hoven regarding the subject matter.
Review:
This chapter talks about the moral reasons for data protection. There are three moral reasons for data protection. First is information based harm. This means that a person is protecting his information so that he would not be hurt by bad people. We have the right to privacy because we are afraid that people would used our personal information to access our relevant information. If we would think about this, actually there is no direct harm that caused by other people.
Second type is information inequality. We protect our data information in order to act as equal with other people. This chapter find out that there are more people who do not care of privacy because they are using information technology as their advantage. The example would be whenever we purchase a grocery item in the supermarket, we actually tend to use our credit card for convenience transaction. We don’t care if that system would store our credit card number and our personal information because we are dully using the information technology.
Third type is information justice. This means that one person would not care of their privacy if they are to be given justice with everyone else. It is said that one sick person would give out his personal information in exchange for the doctor to cure him. It is also said that we give our information as long as people would not criticized our personal information.
In addition to that, government are encouraging establishments to use panoptic technology such as surveillance camera, and data mining techniques because it is for the public good. I agree to what the government is doing. They always think of the group of people who will be benefited and not by individual.
What I’ve learned:
I learned basically the three moral reason for data protection. Now, I understand that there are different reasons why they are doing that. Also, I learned that there are many wrong doing that are happening, we don’t realized that it is already rampant in the society. In order for this wrong doings to be stopped, the government believed that the best solutions are panoptic technologies.
Integrative questions:
1) What is panoptic technology?
2) What is information based harm?
3) What is informational inequality?
4) What is informational injustice?
5) What does the government encourage the establishments to do?
Chapter 31: Workplace Surveillance, Privacy and Distributive Justice By Lucas D. Introna
April 14, 2009
Chapter 31: Workplace Surveillance, Privacy and Distributive Justice
By Lucas D. Introna
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
Privacy creates opportunities for hiding information that could render many social interaction.
This quote means that with privacy, many people are making it in order for them to make fraud. They are seeking personal information such as telephone number in order to call them and ask them for money.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know what other issues that are conflict with the use of surveillance camera. Also, I want to know if it is really ethical or not. In addition to that I want to know the ideas of Lucas Introna regarding this issue.
Review:
Nowadays, there is installed surveillance camera at different sites. And I agree that it was very effective. With surveillance camera, the company have seen what their workers are doing which would help the company to give commands with their workers. Surveillance camera has its advantage and also disadvantage. One of the advantages is it decreases the crime rate. With the strict policy of having surveillance camera at different establishments, people are not tempted to make bad things which is I believed an ethical decision. But this surveillance camera still evaluated because it is said that it against privacy and there is biasment happening. I agree that it has conflict with privacy because first of all your supervisor would know what you are doing during that specified time. But I know that the company only do this is because they want to monitor the working hours of each workers, if they are doing it efficient and effective. I really like surveillance camera because I have seen that it is effective in order the society, establishments, schools and hospitals monitored the people that are going and leaving out in their firm. Surveillance camera is said to be against with distributive justice because first of all the camera was installed in the place where the workers stay during their hours. No one would put a camera in the office of the manager because they trusted that person that he will do his best and be fair with everyone. I think if I will be the one to judged this, I think this is good for the company.
What I’ve learned:
I never thought that surveillance camera would have a corresponding conflicted issues. I thought that because it is effective, there are no studies made in this issue. But I learned that still the surveillance camera are being evaluated because of the privacy and distributive justice.
I also learned that when we hear of surveillance camera installed in different workplace, we first think of the people who are bad and doing unproductive in their time. But with this chapter, I learned that we should think that it is against privacy and justice.
Integrative questions:
1) What is a workplace surveillance camera?
2) What is advantage of having surveillance camera?
3) What is the disadvantage of having surveillance camera?
4) Is surveillance camera ethical or unethical?
5) What does this author mean of surveillance camera?
Chapter 30: Data Mining and Privacy By Joseph S. Fulda
April 13, 2009
Chapter 30: Data Mining and Privacy
By Joseph S. Fulda
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“Much of the current concern about privacy arises because of data mining and more generally, knowledge discovery.
It is said that if you did data mining, it means that you are violating the privacy issues. I agree with that since the two terms cannot be joined together.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn more about data mining and privacy. I think in this chapter I will not have a hard time to understand what is data mining because I already learned it from the class. Also, this chapter is short and is categorized.
Review:
This chapter first talks about what is data mining. To have a better way of understanding, data mining is retrieving information from the databases. It is used in businesses in order to see the previous transactions with their clients so that they can have a basis in their feasibility studies. Data warehouse are the storage where the data are stored and kept for a chance of data mining.
I will be focusing on the issues of the data mining rather than the process since ethics primarily focuses on the problems and issues they find in a certain thing. Nowadays, many businesses are using data mining as their best practice in the company. Some workers worry that their personal information will be given out by the companies. I believed that it would be unethical if that would happen. But I don’t think that companies would give out such important information of their workers since they would also be affected if they will try to do it. We all know that data is difficult to understand since it is still data. Once the data is interpreted already, it will become information that a person can now used it. But the question is how the data becomes information. This chapter says the knowledge that each person did in order to interpret that data. The more people are attached with technology; I think the more people knowledge are increasing because of some technical stuff.
This chapter also suggests the government to separate privacy and data mining since there is conflicts if that two terms will be put together.
What I’ve learned:
I learned that data mining is actually a violation of privacy. If certain people would data mine a person then we can say that they are knowing that person and his knoeledge. But I also learned that data mining is accepted in the rights of a person. It hink for it to be considered as good if the person has the reason why he needs to use data mining to a person. I think it depends on the situation, if workers would be data mined by the company, then I think it would be appropriate for the company to do it.
Integrative questions:
1) What is data mining?
2) What is data warehouse?
3) What is the first case study of this chapter?
4) What is the second case study of this chapter?
5) What is knowledge data?
Chapter 29: Kidd, Privacy, and Distributive Justice
By Anton H. Vedder
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“’Privacy rules and conventions, as they are traditionally conceived of, do not apply”
This quote means that even though we will make a software that has good functionality, but if it will have conflict with privacy, then your system would not be that effective. Privacy will rule than the system that you build.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know what KDD means. This is my first time to hear this word. Also, I want to know distributive justice and its relation with privacy. In addition to that, I want to know the sides of the author, Anton H. Vedder regarding this chapter.
Review:
This chapter is about knowledge in discovery in database, privacy individuality and fairness. Through KDD, relevant information from data is gathered. The KDD process includes the collection, enriching, checking, coding, analyzing and interpretation of the data.
Personal data is defined as the information gathered about a person, it is often protected by privacy laws. The directive 95/46/EC of the European parliament was found for the protection on the processing of personal data. Personal data is gathered for specific compatible purposes. It should not be collected in excess, other than its purpose. And it should be accurate and up to date to prevent misinterpretations. The data should be legitimate; the subject must give consent for the data processing. The date subject has the right to his personal data; he has the right to know the information relating to the data.
The consequence of KDD affects individuals; people are judged and treated as a group rather than as individuals in their own self. Because of KDD people are also susceptible to discrimination; data may be used for denying provisions. Others may use the cyberspace to research an individual’s, which may contribute to information regarding their health or personal issue which can hinder progress in their lifestyle.
There is unfairness in the use of group’s profile. Distributive profiles are composed to members of group with other people. There are cases wherein individuals are judged unrightfully just because of the basis of their profile
There is a consequence on privacy conceptions. It makes it hard to label the problem areas of using personal data of applying it to group profile and it also makes it different to take in the intensity of these problems. Privacy rules do not apply to group profiles. Privacy is categorical, the data is collection from personal information of individuals; and when attached to groups, the information revealed can have a negative consequence.
What I’ve learned:
I learned the KDD, its purpose. I learned that it is a tool in order for a person to know the personal information.
I also learned that the way to protect individuals against negative consequences of the use of group profiles is in the careful assessment of the ways on how the profiles are used. There should be an investigation and evaluation done on the data collected. It should be taken into consideration that there is a positive and negative in the use of same produced information.
Integrative questions:
1) What is KDD?
2) What is distributive justice?
3) What is categorical privacy?
4) What is the purpose of KDD?
5) Is KDD ethical or unethical?
Chapter 28: Toward an Approach to privacy in Public: Challenges of Information Technology By Helen Nissenbaum
April 13, 2009
Chapter 28: Toward an Approach to privacy in Public:
Challenges of Information Technology
By Helen Nissenbaum
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable=
Quote:
“The important thing is that there be some information which is protected”
I think this is right because some information can be public and some should be private. Not all information should be private.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know the approaches in order for the privacy to be public. Also, I want to know if there are challenges if the information would remain to privacy. I want to know the sides or ideas of Helen Nissenbaurn in this issue.
Review:
This chapter describes the privacy like a sphere shape in which it is hard to make limitations. The problem with this privacy is because of its scope. No one has clearly define the scope of the privacy since according to Carl Friedrichs that it has broader scope. The inner space is safeguarded by the line that surrounds the inner space from the outer space. The outer space is the ones who want to access the information that is private. There is the line in which the outer space and the inner space should be separated from each other. It is called the private realm.
There are two misleading assumptions about privacy. One is there is a realm of public information about persons to which no privacy norms apply. This means that there are things which is considered as to be shared with everyone else. One of the example would be your gender, this is very common way to see that you are that person. We could not do anything if people would know our gender because it can easily see in our image. Second is an aggregation of information does not violate privacy if its parts, taken individually do not. One should consider as person who are accessing our privacy information, if that person is taking note of all our personal information. Sometimes we cannot blame them, because it is available in our social networks. And it is one of our tradition to see what is happening to our friends, know what is their updated personal information.
What I’ve learned:
I learned that we should consider that not all are regarded as privacy matters. There are things which is private, and there are also things that would remain as public. Before we would blame other for accessing our private information, we should consider if that information is really private or we have written it in a public way.
I realized that if we deprived people from knowing our private information, they will think more if we hide many information from them. They will easily questioned us if there are no information that we shared in the public.
Integrative questions:
1) What are the two misleading assumptions about privacy?
2) What is personal realm?
3) How does the author define public realm?
4) What does this chapter highlights?
5) What the biggest challenge in the information technology?
Chapter 27: Privacy Protection, Control of Information, and Privacy enhancing technologies By Herman Tavani and James Moor
April 13, 2009
Chapter 27: Privacy Protection, Control of Information, and Privacy enhancing technologies
By Herman Tavani and James Moor
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“Privacy is the claim of individuals, group, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others”
Privacy is just similar with other terms in which there is limitations. Not all information should be considered as privacy matters because it should be for the public to know that basic information you have.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know about the privacy protection, control of information and privacy enhancing technologies. Also, I want to know more about the ideas of the two authors such as James Moor and Herman Tavani.
Review:
This chapter is divided into two main parts. In first part, this chapter tackles all the criticisms about the control of information as to the issues about the privacy protection concerned. Second part discusses the privacy enhancing technology that would control the personal information, if it is effective in ensuring that our personal information will be secured in that software.
Privacy is not the absence that each one would see in us, but actually the control of our information. Sometimes there are people who wants to access our private information even though they should not access it. We misinterpret the real meaning of privacy, we thought that if ones person is in private meaning he is absent and does not want people to see him. But actually, privacy means the control of information from us. There are things which I can say is public and there are also things that would remain as private.
The problem is said to be on the control part. Since we have large databases and networks, we have a hard time to control our information accessing by other people. I think the control is easy if the person knows what he wants to do. There are pictures, videos and text that is shared to public, but they can be set as a private. I think this is the purpose why there are “set to private” button in our different social networks. The personal information can be controlled by solely the owner itself and not other people.
What I’ve learned:
I learned that normative privacy and descriptive privacy is different from each other. We always distinguished privacy as normative privacy and not descriptive privacy. Normative privacy means the right to privacy, while the descriptive privacy means the privacy exists as a matter of fact. We always used normatively in knowing if the certain place is restricted. For example, the house is seen as private or restricted outsiders to look at the house because it is normatively private. Even though the house has less equipments, still it is not our basis for us to consider that it is private.
Integrative questions:
1) What is normative privacy?
2) What is restricted access theory?
3) How will you define privacy in this chapter?
4) What is descriptive privacy?
5) How would you differ normative privacy and descriptive privacy?
Chapter 26: The structure of rights in directive 95/46/ZEC on the Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data
By Dag Elgesem
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“Each case has to be considered separately”
I believed that this is right since every case has different scenarios. Sometimes giving out of personal information is good but sometimes it is not, this quote says that each case should be considered as independent because of the different reason it has.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know more about the structure of rights. This chapter is for me broad so I want to understand each concepts of this chapter for me to easily digest the information that it would like to address to the reader.
Review:
This chapter is about the structure of rights in directive 95/46/EC. The directivesis about the protection of the people concering the processing of the personal data. The directive has several layers of provision: The data quality should have a connecvtion with the purpose of collection; it should also be accurate and up to date. The data should be legitimate, the subject of the data should give his consent with regards to the information shared. The sensitivity of data is also put into consideration. Personal data which falls to the special categories of dare including the race, origin, religion, politics, health and sex, which can be harmful to the subject’s interest one are not permitted, unless a consent is given. The data subject has the right to be informed about the data processed about himself, he has the right to access and change his personal information. He also has the right to refuse the release of data that would affect personal aspects regarding to himself.
Personal data are used for different purposes. It should not be processed if the subject does not expect the date collection to take place. Privacy is restricted access, it is a limitation of how individuals can access other people and tnhat the spread of information can contribute to a loss of privacy and security.
Control is essential in privacy. Privacy has three aspects. There is the protection of personal communications, the restriction on physical and informational access and the protection for expressing an individuals self identity through activity. Information privacy protects the indicudual from the use of personal information and it gives control for the individual to choose who has the access to the information revealed.
What I’ve learned:
I learned mainly the structure of the personal information. I learned how it was process and the things that should include in the personal information. While reading the chapter, I realized that giving out personal information can be dangerous if there would be people who will used your information to harm you. One of the problems is privacy issues because we don’t want that other people would know our basic personal information. There are limitations as to people who can access from our information. But I believed that there are advantages if this giving out of personal information would be implemented. One of the example I believed is people would easily trace the person’s identity if he is a killer or has criminal records.
Integrative questions:
1) Is giving out personal data harmful?
2) Can you cite examples that would make the personal data helpful to the society?
3) What are the three aspects of privacy?
4) Is giving out personal information applicable in the Philippines?
5) What are the hindrances or problems that would happen if this giving out personal information would be implemented?
Chapter 25: Towards a theory of privacy for the information age’
By James H. Moor
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: Not Applicable
Quote:
“An individual or group has normative privacy in a situation with regard to others if and only if in that situation the individual or group is normatively protected from intrusion, interference and information access by others.”
This means that a person wants to be protected from other people. They are afraid that they will be hurt by others.
Learning Expectation:
I expect to know more on privacy. Also, I want to know the ideas about James Moor regarding this kind of issue.
Review:
This chapter talks about the issue about privacy. This is same with other chapters that talks about privacy issues. With the given technology, it is easy for people to copy and claim it. Many are using internet to have reference materials and they tend to plagiarize other works. Since teenager are fond of faster way to create things, they relied on internet and its advantage. They forgot to acknowledge the author of the information they used.
There are two standard ways of privacy. First are instrumental values which means that it lead to something that is good. While, intrinsic value means that it is good in them. Privacy is associated with instrumental value because with the internet that is public, we are able to know certain information. I agree with this because I used internet as a source for me to understand certain things. With the internet that is not private makes me more knowledgeable and makes the internet become functional.
The author says that privacy does not directly harm you. Autonomy and privacy is different from each other. A person can have privacy even if he does not have autonomy. Thus, James Moor concluded that privacy is not essential condition for autonomy. Everyone values privacy itself.
Based on how I understood it, privacy is said to be not in the core values. Core values are what the people wanted such as happiness, freedom, knowledge and etc. These are the things that they would like to have and is essential in their life. For example, knowledge is essential for us to be on schools, and live a normal life. Without any knowledge, many people would not respect us.
What I’ve learned:
I learned that we cannot solve issues such as privacy because for me even though we will make an amendment, still the people is the one who can make it. Each of us should only be knowledgeable as to what their extent or limitation in other people’s life. We should not interfere with other just like one of the commandments in ethics. We should think of privacy as a way to restrict people from accessing our private information.
Integrative questions:
1) What is the publicity principle?
2) What is the justification of exceptions principle mean?
3) What is the adjustment principle mean?
4) What are the policies for private situations?
5) What is the definition of privacy of Charles Fried?
